• Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₄N₂Na₂O₈

• Molecular Weight: 374.17 g/mol

• Appearance: Reddish-brown crystalline powder

• Solubility: Highly water-soluble (>50 mg/mL)

Mechanisms of Action

• Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Stimulates PGC-1α pathway

• Redox Cofactor: Catalyzes electron transfer (5000× more efficient than vitamin C)

• Neuroprotection: Upregulates NGF and BDNF synthesis

• Antioxidant Recycling: Regenerates oxidized vitamin E

Clinical Applications

• Cognitive Support: Enhances memory formation (20 mg/day in trials)

• Cardiometabolic Health: Improves endothelial function

• Exercise Performance: Increases VO₂ max by 12% (athlete studies)

• Anti-Aging: Reduces cellular senescence markers

Technical Specifications

• Purity: ≥98% (HPLC-UV)

• Stability: 24 months at -20°C (desiccated)

• Compatibility: Stable in pH 6-8 formulations

Dosage & Safety

• Effective Range: 10-40 mg/day

• NOAEL: 100 mg/kg/day (rodent)

• Regulatory Status:

• GRAS Notice No. GRN 000333 (FDA)

• Novel Food EU authorization pending

Formulation Notes

• Synergistic Combinations:

• CoQ10 (mitochondrial synergy)

• R-Lipoic Acid (redox cycling)

• Delivery Systems:

• Sublingual tablets for enhanced absorption

• Liposomal formats under development

This next-generation nutrient represents a breakthrough in mitochondrial medicine, with clinical potential extending from neurodegenerative diseases to sports nutrition.