Nannochloropsis: A Marine Microalga with High-Value Applications

Introduction

Nannochloropsis is a genus of marine microalgae belonging to the Eustigmatophyceae class, widely recognized for its high lipid content, rapid growth rate, and adaptability to various cultivation conditions. Unlike freshwater microalgae like Chlorella, Nannochloropsis thrives in saline environments and is particularly valued for its rich eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content, a vital omega-3 fatty acid. Its small cell size (2–5 µm) and robust cell wall contribute to its resilience in industrial-scale production, making it a promising candidate for biofuels, nutraceuticals, and aquaculture feed36.

Key Bioactive Components

• Lipids (20-50% dry weight):

• EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid, C20:5): 3–10% of total fatty acids

• Palmitic Acid (C16:0) & Oleic Acid (C18:1): Key for biodiesel production

• Proteins (30-45%): Complete amino acid profile, including essential amino acids

• Pigments: Chlorophyll a, violaxanthin, and canthaxanthin (antioxidant properties)

• Carbohydrates (10-25%): Polysaccharides with potential prebiotic effects

Mechanisms of Action

• Omega-3 Biosynthesis: Competes with fish oil as a sustainable EPA source

• Antioxidant Activity: Pigments scavenge ROS, reducing oxidative stress

• Protein Efficiency: High digestibility (~85%) in animal feed applications

Applications in Food & Nutraceuticals

1. Functional Foods & Supplements

• Omega-3 Fortification: Used in vegan EPA/DHA supplements as an alternative to fish oil2.

• Plant-Based Protein: Incorporated into protein bars, shakes, and meat analogs.

• Natural Colorant: Pigments enhance visual appeal in health foods.

2. Aquaculture Feed

• Larval Nutrition: Serves as a live feed for shrimp, fish larvae, and bivalves due to high EPA content9.

• Immunostimulation: Enhances disease resistance in farmed fish.

• Pigmentation: Improves flesh color in salmonids and ornamental fish.

3. Biotechnology & Biofuels

• Biodiesel Production: High lipid yield (~50% under stress conditions)6.

• Carbon Capture: Efficient CO₂ sequestration in photobioreactors.

Challenges & Future Prospects

• Cost-Effective Cultivation: Requires optimization of heterotrophic/photoautotrophic systems.

• Sensory Acceptance: Overcoming "green" taste in food applications.

• Regulatory Approvals: GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status pending in some markets.

With advancements in biorefinery techniques, Nannochloropsis is poised to become a cornerstone of sustainable nutrition and green biotechnology.

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